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2. CRYSTAL FIELD SPLITTING

CRYSTAL FIELD SPLITTING   Before the study of this topic we have first know about the spatial orientation of d- orbitals. The five d orbitals can be designated as follow The first three orbital are oriented in between the XY, YZ, ZX axes respectively and these three orbital are called t 2g or d E  and the rest two orbitals are oriented along the XY and Z axes respectively and are known as e g  or d r. Now we will discuss about our topic which is  CRYSTAL FIELD SPLITTING,   in the absence of any ligands or in the case of free metal ion, all the five d-orbitals have the same energy and the orbitals having the  same energy are called degenerate orbitals. However in the approach of the ligands, the orbital electrons will be repelled by the lone pair (or negative charge) of the ligands. The repulsion will raise the energy of d - orbitals, the energy of each orbital will increase by the same amount, due to spherical field or s...
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5. JAHN- TELLAR EFFECT

JAHN- TELLAR EFFECT It was stated by Jahn and Teller that any non –linear molecular system in orbitally degenerate electronic state (i.e., a state which represents more than one electronic arrangement of the same energy) would be unstable and that it would get stabilised by undergoing distortion in its geometry and thus by causing a split in its orbitally degenerate electronic state. The above statement is known as Jahn-Tellar effect. The distortion in the geometry of the non-linear molecular system thus produced is known as Jahn-Tellar distortion. The lowering of symmetry of the non-linear system due to Jahn –Tellar effect always occurs in a manner which results in decrease in the energy of the system. Let us consider an octahedral complex of Cu +2 with unidentate ligands L - . The Cu +2 ion in a perfect octahedral ligand environment has the ground state electronic configuration t 6 2g e 3 g which represents two electronic arrangements t 6 2g d 2 z 2 d 1 x 2 -y 2 of equal ...
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